| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
The Renaissance was the start of a new age of science, creativity and critical thinking in the West, however, the research methods and perspectives have been prevailed since the early twentieth century. Nevertheless, the Muslim scholars in the glorious age of Islamic civilization have had their own methods and insights. Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi(Rhazes) was a great Iranian physician who used the particular research methods and approaches in his works which can be compared with his European counterparts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries AD. Rhazes composed his valuable works by his mastermind and critical gift as well as putting emphasis on the clinical observations and experimental techniques to explore the medical science. He used the research methods such as expression of the study, aim of research, question and hypothesis, sources criticism, introduction, discussion and conclusion that are common today. This article examines the major works of Rhazes in medicine, presenting the examples of his research methods and perspectives that are much beyond his age and similar to today. Keywords: Rhazes, Research methods, Islamic medicine, al-Mansuri fi al-Tib. References Bacon, Francis, The advancement of Learning, Ed. by Joseph Devey New York, 1951. Online available: www.libertyfund.Org. Bynum, William, History of Medicine, Oxford, 2004. Descartes, Rene, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, London, 1957. Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa, Aḥmad b. Ḳasim, ʿUyūn al_ anbāʾ fī ṭabaḳāt al_ aṭibbāʾ, Revised by ʿĀmir Nadjdjar, Cairo, 2001 AD/ 1421 AH. Katouzian Safadi, Mehrnaz, 4 Les Médicaments Simples et Composés dans le Livre Les Doutes sur Galien ou Kitab al-Shukuk 'ala Galînûs de Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya al-Razi( IX-X), Analyse des chapitres sur les médicaments simples et composés ou miyamir et qatajanis d'al-Razi, Acte du 36ème Congrès International d'Histoire de la Médecine, Tunisie, 1998. Ibid, "Les hiéras, Médicaments Composés Prescrits par Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakariyya Razi", Actes du 'The first national congres on Iranian studies, Tehran, Iran ( juin 2002). Ibid, "Madjlis, Mahalī barā-yi tabādul naẓar-i ʿilmī wa sar-āghāz-i taʾlīf-i yik risālia az Muḥammad Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī", History of Science, No. 3, Summer 2005/1384. Lafollette, Hugh, Niall Shanks, "Animal Experimentation: Legacy of Claud Bernard", International Study in The Philosophy of Science, 1994. Meyerhof, Max, Thirty three Clinical Observations by Rhazes, 1936. Neligan, A.R., "Rhazes And Avicenna", The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4484 (Dec. 14, 1946). Najmabadi, Mahmud, "Sīmā-yi ṭibbī-yi Abūbakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī", Maʿārif Islāmī, No. 1, August/ Shahrīwar, 1966/ 1345. Nayer Nouri, Touraj, "Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī dānishmand-i āzmūn garā-yi Iranī", Iranian Journal of Surgery, Volume 15, No. 2, 2007/ 1386. Rāzī, al_ Abdāl al_ mustaʿmila fī ʾl_ṭibb wa al_ ʿiladj, Tehran, 2004/1383. Ibid, Burʾ al_ sāʿah, Rasāʾil-i ṭibbī-yi Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī, University of Medical Sciences, 2005/ 1384. Ibid,al-Djudrī wa ʾl_ Ḥaṣba, trans.Mahmud Najmabadi, Tehran, University of Tehran Press, 1992/ 1371. Ibid, al_ fuṣūl fī al_ ṭibb, Revised by Yosef Beig Babapour, Tehran, 2013/ 1392. Ibid, al_ Ḥāwī fī ʾl_ ṭibb, Revised by Haytham Khalīfa Tuʿaymī, Dar Ehya altoras alarabiPress, Beirut, 2002 AD/ 1422 AH. Ibid,al_ Ḳūlandj, Revised by Ṣubḥī Maḥmūd Ḥammamī, Aleppo, 1983 AD, 1403 AH. Ibid, Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu ʾl_ Ṭabīb, Revised by Muḥammad Amīn al_ Ḍanāwī, Dārrikābī lil_nashr, Cairo, 1998 AD/ 1419 AH. Ibid, al_ Manṣūrī fī al_ Ṭibb, trans. Muhammad Ibrahim Zaker, Revised by Ḥāzim Bakrī Ṣadīḳī, University of Medical Sciences, 2008/ 1387. ibid, Risāla fī al_ faṣd, Rasāʾil-i ṭibbī-yi Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī, University of Medical Sciences, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, Risāla fī taḳdīm al_ fawākia wa taʾkhīr-i-hā ʿalā al_ ṭaʿām, Rasāʾil-i ṭibbī-yi Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī, University of Medical Sciences, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, Rasāʾil-i ṭibbī-yi Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ-yi Rāzī, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, al_ shukūk, Revised byMuṣṭafā Labīb ʿAbd al_ Ghanī, Dār al_ Kutub, Cairo, 2005 AD/ 1426 AH. Ibid, al_ shukūk ʿalā afḍal ʾl_ aṭibbāʾdjālīnūs, Manuscript, Tehran, Malek National Library and Museum of Iran, No. 4573. Sarton, George, taʾrīkh-i ʿilm(Essays on The Story of Sciences), trans. Ahmad Aram, Tehran, 1957/ 1336. |