| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Patricia Crone's views as a revisionist have profoundly influenced on Islamic studies, particularly on historical investigations of early Islam. Crone, influenced by the former critical studies, questioned the validity of traditional Islamic sources and sought to find the most important historical factors such as the collecting of Qur'an, Muhammad's life and the association of Islam with other religions based on non-Islamic tradition. Reviewing Crone's sources and methods and inspecting her loyalty to the methods of critical study as well as the results of adopting this approach, shows that her reconstruction of the history of early Islam is based on sources and claims that their accuracy, originality and authenticity cannot be proven and therefore her views are historically in doubt. References Cook, Michael, Muhammad, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983. Crone, Patricia, "Zindigī-nāma-yi Khūdniwisht", Trans. Masoud Jafari Jazi, Bukhārā, Vol.18, No.108, Mihr & Ābān 1394/ September & October 2015. Crone, Patricia, Cook, Michael, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. Idem, Roman Provincial and Islamic Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002. Idem, Slaves on Horses: the Evolution of the Islamic Polity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003. Idem, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, New Jersey, Gorgias Press, 2004. Idem, "What do we actually know about Mohammed?", retrieved from:https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-urope_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp Donner, Fred M., Muhammad and the believers, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010. Idem, "Review of Hagarism", Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, V.40 2006. DSB (Dictionary of Scientific Biography), s.v. "Māshā'allāh", by: David Pinger, New York, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1981. Holmberg, Bo, "Hagarism Revisited", in: Verbum et calamu, Semitic and Related Studies in Honour of the Sixtieth Birthday of Professor Tapani Harviainen, Studia Orientalia 99, ed. by Juusola, Hannu; Laulainen, Juha and Palva, HeikkI, Helsinki: The Finnish Oriental Society, 2004. Hoyland, Robert G., Seeing Islam as Others saw it: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, the Darwin Press, 1997. Ibid, "Writing the biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions", History Compass, V.5 (8 February 2007). Humphreys, R. Stephen, Islamic History, London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1995. Liaquat Ali Khan, "Hagarism: The Story of a Book Written by Infidels for Infidels", retrieved from: http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/04/28/d60428020635.htm Mazor, Amir, "The Kitab futuh al-sham of al-Qudamias a Case Study for the Transmission of Traditions about the Conquest of Syria", Der Islam, 84 (2008). 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Tom Holland's Obsession with Islam's Origins: a Critical Response, http://thedebateinitiative.com Van Ess, Josef, "The Making of Islam", Times Literary Supplement, 8 September 1978, cited from: Seeing Islam as Others Saw it: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on early Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, the Darwin Press, 1997. Waines, David, An Introduction to Islam, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. Wansbrough, John, The Sectarian Milieu, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978a. Idem, "Patricia Crone and Michael Cook: Hagarism: the Making of the Islamic World. ix, 268 pp. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1977", in: BSOAS, vol. 41 (XLI), no.1, 1978b; Idem, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, foreword, translation and expanded notes by: Andrew Rippin, New York, Prometheus Books, 2004. Watt, W. Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, Oxford University Press, reprinted in Pakistan, Karachi, Moiez Press, 1979. |