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Iranian Economic Review، جلد ۲۵، شماره ۴، صفحات ۰-۰
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عنوان انگلیسی Revisiting Squalli-Wilson’s Measure of Trade Openness in the Context of Services Trade
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله This study re-examines Squalli-Wilson's measure of trade openness from the perspective of services. An attempt was made to compose all modes of services supply to form a composite measure of service openness that has rarely been used in trade literature. A global sample comprising different regions based on cross-country data was applied to test the reliability of this measure using correlation coefficients, income, and environmental quality models. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Square (2-SLS) Instrumental Variables approach were applied. Findings from the growth impact of trade are robust and consistent with prevailing literature supporting the positive impact of service trade on economic growth. However, our empirical estimate based on the two measures of environmental pollutants, shows that services openness reduces SO2 and increases CO2 emissions. These findings are consistent with most of the existing literature supporting the "gains from trade" hypothesis in the case of SO2 and the "pollution havens” hypothesis in the case of CO2 emissions. Nonetheless, the results provide further support in the context of services for the use of composite trade intensity proposed by Squalli-Wilson that not only considered trade/GDP ratio but also the relative importance of the country to the world trade. The inverted U-shaped EKC was also verified in both two measures of environmental pollutions. The policy implications of these findings are that care must be taken while increasing openness in areas of services to increase economic growth and to reduce the phenomenon of pollution haven in the case of CO2 emissions.
کلیدواژه‌های انگلیسی مقاله Keywords Services Trade Openness, economic growth, Environmental pollutants, 2-SLS Instrumental Variable, Global Cross-country Analysis. JEL Classification F18, F43, O44, Q56
نویسندگان مقاله Kabiru Hannafi Ibrahim |
Department of Economics, Faculty of Arts, Social and Management Sciences, Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Dyah Wulan Sari |
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Rossanto Dwi Handoyo |
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

نشانی اینترنتی https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_85085_2a7a53adf44a3e89dd9a34888e0679c2.pdf
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