| کلیدواژههای انگلیسی مقاله |
Adolescent, Alpha amylase, BMI, DMFT, Saliva, IntroductionAdolescence is defined as a critical developmental period of life experienced from the ages of 10 to 24 years [ 1, ]. Unhealthy dietary habits including consumption of industrial foods high in fat, sodium, carbohydrate, and low fiber intake along with low physical activity can affect general heath of adolescents [ 2, ]. Also, the puberty brings stress, emotional imbalance and rebellion for teenagers that influence their lifestyle [ 3, ]. Paying attention to body health of adolescents is a momentous responsibility to prevent serious chronic diseases that may establish later in their life [ 4, ].The two most prevalent problems among teenagers are dental caries and obesity [ 4, - 5, ]. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report on 2018 [ 5, ], the worldwide prevalence of obesity for children and adolescents has risen more than ten folds in the last 4 decades. The result of a systematic review conducted by Rahmani et al. [ 6, ] showed the prevalence rate of 6.5% for obesity in Iranian children younger than 18. The BMI is calculated using equation [ 7, ]. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and considering the growth fluctuation and gender differences, the BMI for children younger than 20, is plotted against age and sex-specific percentiles. The subjects are defined as&,rdquo at risk for overweight&,rdquo If their BMI is between 85th and 95th percentiles, and they are known as clinically overweight if the BMI exceeds the 95th percentile [ 8, ]. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic data on the prevalence of dental caries in Iranian adolescents. Pakpour et al. [ 9, ] and Yazdani et al. [ 10, ] in two separate cross-sectional studies reported DMFT of 2.6 and 2.1, respectively for Iranian teenagers which is higher than the standard (DMFT=1) determined by the WHO [ 11, ].Obesity and dental caries are both multifactorial phenomena which are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors [ 6, , 12, ]. Despite the correlation established between obesity and tooth decay in adults, the evidence confirming this association in adolescents is controversial [ 13, - 15, ]. It is generally agreed that an etiologic factor common to both tooth decay and obesity is high carbohydrate intake especially in adolescent years [ 14, ]. One of the salivary components related to dental caries is salivary alpha amylase (sAA) [ 16, ]. This enzyme consists at least 50% of salivary proteins and plays a role in starch hydrolysis [ 17, ]. It is demonstrated that this enzyme facilitates the microbial adhesion to enamel surface and acid production [ 16, ]. The level and activity of sAA can be changed under specific situations including stress, anxiety, exercise and circadian rhyth-ms. The higher basal sAA has been found in adolescents with more advanced pubertal development [ 18, ]. However, the association between sAA activity and BMI is controversial [ 19, - 21, ]. Al dossari et al. [ 17, ] showed a reverse correlation between sAA and BMI in overwei-ght and obese adults. In contrast, Mennella et al. [ 19, ] indicated a higher sAA activity in overweight individuals. Because of the known importance of alpha amylase and the controversies found in various article and also, due to the lack of an article exclusively on the effect of this enzyme during adolescence, the present study aime-d to assess the association between DMFT, sAA and BMI in a selected population of Iranian adolescent girls.Materials and MethodThis cross-sectional study was carried out on female students in the age range of 13 to 15 years. All cases were randomly selected among the grade 1 of high schools of Babol (north of Iran). Exclusion criteria were adopted as suffering from systemic diseases, consumption of medication over the past month, poor oral hygiene, unwillingness to participate in the study and having orthodontic appliances. The sample size was calculated with consideration of the effect of 4% at the level of x= 0.05 with the power of 80%. Using the software G power, 81 students was calculated (in 3 groups of 27 each one). After approving the study protocol by the Ethic Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences (MUBABOL. REC.1396.12) and obtaining permission from the Babol Education Department, five high schools were selected randomly for sampling. The height and the weight of students were measured without shoes by a scale (LETO+Italy) and a meter. BMI of students were calculated based on [weight/ (height)2] equation and pointed on the age-sex specific BMI percentile chart. Based on the age-sex specific BMI percentile [ 18, ], the selected participants were grouped in 85&,gt BMI&,gt 5 (normal weight) 85&,gt BMI&,gt 95(at risk for overweight), and BMI&,gt 95(over weight). Oral examination was done by a trained dental student using WHO criteria for caries detection and then the DMFT was recorded [ 22, ]. The teeth that were extracted or repaired due to trauma or extracted because of orthodontic treatment were not included in the DMFT calculation. The unstimulated saliva samples were collected at the morning, at least 2 hours after eating. The students were kept seated and relaxed to allow the saliva to be accumulated in the mouth for 5 minutes. Then, the saliva samples were poured in the containers and were dispatched to the laboratory in the flasks including ice cubes. The amount of sAA was measured using the special kit (Zist Shimi Co., Iran) and spectrophotometric method (Unico, USA). Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal Wallis&,nbsp test and Spearman correlation coefficient using SPSS (version 23) and p&,lt 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study variables are listed in Table 1,.VariableTypeRoleScaleBMINominal qualitativeIndependentCDC&,rsquo s percentilesDMFTNominal qualitativeDependent&,lt 3.13.1-4.5 |
| نویسندگان مقاله |
Marie Kor |
Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Mahdi Pouramir |
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Soraya Khafri |
Dept. of Biostatics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Shima Ebadollahi |
Student of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Samane Gharekhani |
Oral Health Research Research Center, Institute of Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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