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پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی، جلد ۴۵، شماره ۳، صفحات ۱۹۱-۲۰۸
عنوان فارسی بررسی وضعیّت توسعه‎ی پایدار شهرستان رشت با استفاده از روش جای پای اکولوژیک
چکیده فارسی مقاله شهرها پس از انقلاب صنعتی به سرعت توسعه یافتند و این رشد و توسعه پیامدهای بسیاری باخود به همراه داشت. عمده ی آثار این پیامدها بر محیط زیست و کیفیت زندگی مردم این جوامعوارد شده است. با بروز و تشدید این آثار، رهیافت توسعه ی پایدار از سوی سازمان ملل متّحدمطرح شد و در دستور کار دولت ها و برنام هریزان قرار گرفت. یکی از عناصر اساسی توسع ه یپایدار این است که انسان ها در چارچوب ظرفیت زیستی طبیعت زندگی کنند . از آن زمان،روش های مختلفی برای انداز هگیری توسعه ی پایدار جوامع ابداع شد . روش جای پایاکولوژیک یکی از این روش ها است. امروزه از این روش، به عنوان شاخص سنجش پایداری دردنیا استفاده م یشود. بر اساس این روش، توسعه ی یک منطقه زمانی "ناپایدار " قلمدادمی شود که میزان جای پای اکولوژیک از ظرفیت زیستی منطقه بالاتر باشد . روش جای پایاکولوژیک تاکنون برای سنجش پایداری شهرهای بزرگ دنیا مانند لندن، سانتیاگو، لیورپولمورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش جای پای اکولوژیک ، بهبررسی پایداری شهرستان رشت پرداخته ایم. بر اساس محاسبات، جای پای اکولوژیک مصرف0/ 1 هکتار ب هازای هر نفر برآورد شد. همچنین، ظرفیت زیستی 414 / در شهرستان رشت، 979هکتار به ازای هر نفر محاسبه شد. با مقایسه ظرفیت زیستی و جای پای اکولوژیک می توانیممشاهده کنیم که شهرستان رشت از کسری اکولوژیک رنج می برد . همچنین تحلیل نتایجبه دست آمده نشان م یدهد که شهرستان رشت از دیدگاه اکولوژیک ناپایدار است. درنهایت ،شاخص جای پای اکولوژیک محاسبه شده در رشت با مقدار این شاخص در ایران و آسیا و دنیامقایسه می شود.
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عنوان انگلیسی An Investigation on Sustainable Development in Rasht County Using Ecological Footprint
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله Extended AbstractIntroductionCities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. The growth of cities has manyconsequences on the environment. As a result of the increase in adverse consequences of theurban growth, United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues incities. The first step in this procedure is some methods for measurement of the sustainabledevelopment by Reliable indicators. Ecological footprint is one of these methods that have beenused for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London, Santiago, and Liverpool. Wehave used this method to measure urban sustainability in Rasht County, Iran. The resultsindicate that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1.797 per capita in Rasht. Also biologicalcapacity (biocapacity) in this city is equal to 0.414 hectar per capita. Therefore, we concludethat Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index.Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution with many consequences on theenvironment. An increase in deleterious effects of urban growth caused the United Nations topay attention to sustainable development in cities. As the first step in this procedure it isrequired to measure the sustainable development by reliable indicators. Sustainabledevelopment can be measured by determining Ecological Footprint as one of the indicators.This is a measure of the amount of biologically productive land and water required to support  the demands of a population or productive activity. The first Ecological Footprints have beencalculated using a component-based approach. This has evolved into a more comprehensive androbust approach, compound Footprinting, now used for national Footprint accounting. Thecomponent-based approach sums the Ecological Footprint of all relevant components of apopulation in resource consumption and waste production. This is, first, by identifying all ofthe individual goods and services and the amounts thereof a given population consumes,and second, by assessing the Ecological Footprint of each component using life-cycle data thattrack the resource requirements of a given product from resource extraction to waste disposal.Ecological footprint method has already been used for measuring urban sustainability in theCities like London, Santiago, and Liverpool. We have used this method for measuring urbansustainability in Rasht County, Iran. The Ecological Footprint utilize the yields of primaryproducts (from cropland, forest, grazing and fisheries) to calculate the area necessary to supporta given activity. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productivearea of land and sea available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb itswastes, given current technology and management practices. Countries differ in the productivityof their ecosystems, and this is reflected in corresponding accounts. Ecological Footprintaccounts allow governments to track a city or region's demand on natural capital, and tocompare this demand with the amount of natural capital actually available. The accounts alsogive governments the ability to answer more specific questions about the distribution of thesedemands within their economy. In other words, it gives them information about their resourcemetabolism. They also help assess the ecological capacity embodied in the imports upon whicha region is dependent. This can shed light on the region's constraints or future liabilities incomparison with other regions of the world, and identify opportunities to defend or improve thelocal quality of life. Footprint accounts help governments become more specific aboutsustainability in a number of ways. The accounts provide a common language and a clearlydefined methodology that can be used to support staff training and to communicate aboutsustainability issues with other levels of government or with the public. Footprint accounts addvalue to existing data sets on production, trade and environmental performance by providing acomprehensive way to interpret them. For instance, the accounts can help guide "environmentalmanagement systems" by offering a framework for gathering and organizing data, settingtargets and tracking progress. The accounts can also serve as environmental reportingrequirements, and inform strategic decision-making for regional economic development. Theglobal effort for sustainability will be won, or lost, in the world's cities, where urban designmay influence over 70 percent of people's Ecological Footprint. High-Footprint cities canreduce this demand on nature greatly with existing technology. Many of these savings also cutcosts and make cities more livable. Since urban infrastructure is long-lasting and influencesresource needs for decades to come, infrastructure decisions make or break a city's future.Which cities are building future resource traps? Which ones are building opportunities forresource efficient and more competitive lifestyles? Without regional resource accounting,governments can easily overlook or fail to realize the extent of these kinds of opportunities andthreats. The Ecological Footprint, a comprehensive, science-based resource accounting system  that compares people's use of nature with nature's ability to regenerate, helps eliminate thisblind spot.MethodologyWe have used the Ecological footprint method for testing the research hypotheses. Ecologicalfootprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measureof demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity forregeneration. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary tosupply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste. Usingthis assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to supporthumanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.Results and DiscussionThe results show that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1.797 per capita in Rasht. Alsobiological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is also equal to 0.414 hectar per capita. In the studyarea ecological Footprint is much more than the biological capacity. This means the instabilityin ecological system. The Ecological Footprint in consumption for the study area is lower thanother counties in Iran.ConclusionAccording to the results of the study, we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms ofecological footprint index. Although the county is ecologically instable, but the EcologicalFootprint in Rasht County is lower than that in the Iran and in the world. The instability may beresulted from excessive use of natural resources and also tourism activities. It can berecommended to have optimized use of natural resources, suitable planning for tourism, andeducation of the public for sound consumption of resources.
کلیدواژه‌های انگلیسی مقاله
نویسندگان مقاله محمود جمعه پور |
دانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی اجتماعی، دانشکده ی علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی (Allameh tabatabaii university)

حسین حاتمی نژاد |
استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکد هی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه تهران (Tehran university)

سارا شهانواز |
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامهریزی توسعه ی منطقهای، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی (Allameh tabatabaii university)

نشانی اینترنتی http://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35252_32ee3fd79f58d3cc08745c7b729a689f.pdf
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