| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades the issue of "identity" has gained considerable importanc in social sciencestudies, especially in the field of the Iranian political geography. Some experts argue that thefactors affecting this growing process are affected by political, social, economic, regional andglobal changes, while others consider the existence of modern perspectives and attitudesespecially in the field of post-modern thought as the cause of increasing interest in this issue.Certainly, internal factors, especially the Islamic Revolution and its consequences together withregional and global factors have led to more attention to the issue of identity. Meanwhile, ethnicidentity has a special place, as Iranian society is composed of different ethnic groups that,throughout history, have contributed to maturity, survival, and sustainablity of Iraniancivilization, and despite many ups and downs, have been able to maintain the political life ofthis country in different ways. In Iran, like other countries composed of ethnic groups, the issuesof ethnic identity have been integrated into issues related to national unity and security of thecountry. In that, because, on the one hand, ethnic identities can play an effective role in thenational unity of the country, and on the other hand, they are able to substitute the idea ofseparatism and disintegration with that of national unity and security by placing their growingexpectations and demand. one of the collective identities studied in political geography is"political identity". According to some, factors such as common history, common interests andshared political fate are some of the factors forming political identity. Studying political identity or political aspects of Kurdish identity requires analysis of the components of political identityamong the Kurds. The key question is: "what is the political identity of Kurds and which factorsaffect their political identity?" According to the main hypothesis of the present study, due tofamiliarity with new knowledge sources and different local experiences, the Kurds have a fluidpolitical identity.MethodologyThis research is an applied research conducted through library method and descriptive -analytical approach. In the present study, using documents, it has been tried to determine howcomponents such as common history, common interests and shared political fate form Kurdishpolitical identity. The most important element in this regard is investigating "ethnicnationalism" and "inter- and intra-ethnic political conflicts". The results show two basicelements of such movements, namely "seeking help from foreigners" and "internal demands",while they are in contrast with Kurd ethnic identity but affected by ethnic relations and ethnicidentities.Activity of Kurds and Kurdish parties after the Islamic Revolution so far also implies thathow these activities have affected political identity of Iranian Kurd people.Results and DiscussionBased on the research conducted about political identify foundations of the Iranian Kurds, it canbe atgued that: first, "ethnic identity" foundations of Iranian Kurds affect their "politicalidentity" because of the associations of their historical roots with Iran and the Iranians history,based on the elements of territory, race / ethnicity, religion, language, customs / traditions, andbeliefs / values; second, the study of the foundations of "political identity" of Kurds in Iranindicates that common interests of the Kurds in political areas date back to Kurds' contemporaryhistory because dividing Kurdish regions among Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Syria have createdanother fate for the Kurds, dividing Aryan race and Iranian Kurds with Kurdish language andIslamic religion and Shiite religion / Sunnis among the four Countries. Since then, the sharedinterests among the Kurds within and out of the country and political common fate that havekept them away from each other can be traced as two issues of ethnic nationalism and politicalconflicts: firstly, Kurd ethnic nationalism in Iran reflects the political diversity in politicaldomain. That is, they are not in complete agreement with both national identity and the officialdiscourse of nationalism in the country. Second, the identity foundations of Kurds and theirpolitical performance in recent one hundred years reflect two types of political conflict in theKurdish region of Iran: first, "intra-ethnic conflict" based on power acquisition or competitionamong the different Kurd tribes. In these types of conflicts, the behaviors, norms, attitudes andpositions of Kurds are mostly affected by the foundations of ethnic identity, structure of ethnicrelations and tribal policies governing Kurdish region, such as the impact of tribal politics onperformance "SEMCO". Second, "inter-ethnic conflicts" which were first based on preservationof the internal influence of tribes, and later were based on autonomy acquisition or independence. In this group of disputes, the dual elements namely "seeking help fromforeigners" and "domestic demand" are important forces of the "political identity of the Kurds"within the triple elements of "common history", "common interests" and "common politicaldestiny". Hence, the shared history of Kurds in Iran represents three different functions in policyareas:(1) tribal uprisings and political movements;(2) the government, tribal chiefs and political leaders' behavior with Kurds;(3) pendulum movements of Kurds among the parties and groups.In all three functions, the dual elements "of foreign aid" and "domestic demand" can be seen.ConclusionAfter the events following the Islamic Revolution, and by increasing the level of education, wewitness the gradual increase in political consciousness of Kurds, and the performance of"ethnicity-based nationalism" without "tribal culture" among the Kurds. The Kurds' politicalrelations are influenced by party relationships and political groupings. Previous experienceshows that whenever the central government enjoys a high level of power, it has been able toexert political power on all areas and, in contrats, every time this government is weak, differentethnic groups have upraised in different parts of Iran. In all of these events, due to thepromotion of education and assignment of Kurd educated leaders we witness the removal oftribal relationships and emergence of party relationships with ethnic culture combined withsome form of ethnic consciousness to gain autonomy. Of course, one can not speak about thepolitical identity of Kurds because there is a long way to the formation of a Kurdish politicalcommunity forming Kurdish political identity. However, it can be argued that awareness of thefate of the Kurdish political fate that often evokes their innocence, leads to common feelingamong the Kurds so that they are demanding common interests trying to get rid of victimization. |