| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
The fate of Sultan Jalal al-din khawrazmshah is a controversial event in Islamic Persian history. A narration of the fate of Jalal al-din that is accepted by some of the modern historian refers to the murder of Jalal al-din khawrazmshah by a Kurd. But it seems that this narration need to be criticized. In fact there are some probable narrations on fate of Jalal al-din. So this article tries to answers these questions: can we historically accept the fate of Jalal al-din khawrazmshah? Which narration is historically reliable? It seems that the source of Nasawi's report and also the other possibilities are ignored by the researchers. References Abī ʾl- Fidā, ʿImād al- Dīn Ismāʿīl, al- Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al- Bashar, Vol. 3, Cairo, al- Ḥasaniyya al- Miṣriyya, 1325 AH/ 1907 AD. Aryan nia, Ahmad, "Djalāl al- Dīn Khwārazmshāh", Dāʾirat al- Maʿārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Kazem Mousavi-Bojnourdi (as supervisor), Vol.18, Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1389/ 2010, pp.304- 304. Ashtiani, Abbas Eqbal, Taʾrīkh- i Mughūl wa Awāyil- i Ta(i)ymūrī, Tehran, Nāmak, 1376/ 1997. Idem, Taʾrīkh- i Iran Pas az Islām, Tehran, Nāmak, 1380/ 2001. Atwood, Christopher P, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York, Facts on File, Inc, 2004. Bahrami Nia, Omid, Taʾrīkh- i Kurdān Manṭaḳa- yi Djazīra az 447 Tā 656 AH, Tehran, Iḥsān, 1386/ 2007. Banākitī, Dāwūd b. Muḥammad, Rawḍat Ūlī ʾl-Albāb fī Maʿrifat al-Tawārīkh Wa ʾl- Ansāb, Revised by Jafar Shoar, Tehran, Society for the National Heritage of Iran, 1378/ 1999. Bayḍāwī, Niẓām al- Dīn, Niẓām al- Tawārīkh, Revised by Mīr Hāshim Muḥaddith, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1382/ 2003. Bayani, Shirin, Dīn wa Dawlat Dar ʿAhd- i Mughūl, Vol. , Tehran, Nashr- i Dānishgāhī, 1367/ 1988. Idem, Mughūlān wa Ḥukūmat- i Ilkhānī Dar Iran, Tehran, Samt, 1379/ 2000. Bayat, Azizolah, Taʾrīkh- i Taṭbīḳī- yi Iran Bā Kishwar- hā- yi Djahān, Tehran AmīrKabīr, 1389/ 2010. Bosworth, C, E, "Jalāl- Al -Din Kwārazm Šāh Mengubirni" Encyclopedia Iranica, Vol VIII, New York, Encyclopedia Iranica foundation, 2007, pp.404-405. Boyle, J, A, "Dynastic and political history of the Il-khans", The Cambridge history of Iran, Vol.5, edited by j. A. Boyle, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1968, pp.303-421. Idem, "Djalal al Din Khwarazm Shah" Encyclopedia of Islam, vol II, Leiden, Brill, 1965), pp.392-393. Browne, Edward Granville, A Literary History of Persia, Vol II, Cambridge, Cambridge university press, 1965. Dastgheib, Abdul Ali, Hudjūm- i Urdū- yi Mughūl bih Iran, Tehran, ʿIlm, 1367/ 1988. Dhahabī, Shams al Dīn, Taʾrikh al- Islām, Revised by Bashār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf, Shaykh Shuʿīb Al-Arnaʾūūt & Ṣāliḥ Mahdī ʿAbbās, Vol.27, Beirut, Mawʾassisa al- Risāla, 1408 AH/ 1987 AD. Djuwaynī, ʿAtā-Malik, Taʾrīkh- i Djahān- Gushāy, Revised by Mohammad Ghazvini, Vol.2, Tehran, Dunyā- yi Kitāb, 1385/ 2006. Fischel, Walter, "Manābiʿ- yi Ibn Khaldūn Barā- yi Taʿrīkh- i Mughūl wa Tātār", Trans. Mohsen Jafari Mazhab, Āyina Mīrāth, Vol. 3, No.1 & 2, Spring & Summer 1386/ 2007, pp.379- 398. Ghaffārī Ḳazwīnī, Ḳāḍī Aḥmad, Taʾrīkh- i Djahān Āra, Revised by Ḥasan Narāḳī, Tehran, Ḥafiẓ, 1343/ 1964. Grousset, René, Impirātūrī- yi Ṣaḥrā- Nawardān, Trans. Abdolhossein Meikadeh, Tehran, ʿIlmī Farhangī, 1379/ 2000. Ḥakīm Zadjdjādjī, Humāyūn- Nāma yā Taʾrīkh- i Manẓūm- i Ḥakīm Zadjdjādjī, Revised by Ali Pir- Nia, Vol.2, Tehran, Nashr- i Āthār, 1383/ 2004. Hamdānī, Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh, Djāmiʿ al- Tawārīkh, Revised by Mohammad Roshan & Mostafa Mousavi, Tehran, Alburz, 1373/ 1994. Hasanzadeh, Esmail, Taʾrīkh- i Iran dar ʿAhd- i Khwārazmshāhiyyān, Tehran, Kitab- i Parsa, 1392/ 2013. Idem, "Khwārazmshāhiyyān", Taʾrīkh- i Djāmʿ Iran, Vol. 9, Kazem Bojnourdi (as supervisor), Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1394/ 2015, pp.388- 291. Ḥusaynī, Muhammad Mīrak, Riyāḍ al- Firdūs Khānī, Revised by Iraj Afshar & Fereshteh Sarrafan, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzz al- Dīn, al-Kāmil fī al- Tāʾrikh, Vol.15, Beirut, Dār Ṣadir, 1965/ 1343. Idem, Kāmil Taʾrīkh- i Buzurg- i Islām wa Iran, Trans. Abolghasem-e-Halat & Abbas Khalili, Vol.33,Tehran, ʿIlmī, 1371/ 1992. Ibn ʿIbrī, Taʾrīkh- i Mukhtaṣar al- Duwal, Revised by Abd al-Muhammad Ayati,Tehran, ʿIlmī Farhangī, 1377/ 1998. Ibn Kathīr, Ḥāfiz, al- Bidaya wa al- Nihāya, Beirut & Riyadh, Maktaba al- Maʿārif wa Maktaba Naṣr, (Und.). Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar, al- Bidaya wa al- Nihāya fī al- Taʾrīkh, Revised by Anīs Ṭabbāʿ & ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad Ḥulw, Beirut, Maktaba al- Maʿārif, 1411 AH/ 1990 AD. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, al-ʿIbar wa al-dīwan ʾl-mubtadiʾ wa al-Khabar fī Taʾrikh al-ʿArab wa al-ʿAdjam Wa al-Barbar Revised by Khalīl Shiḥāda, Vol.5, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1988 AD/1408 AH. Ibn Wāṣil, Taʾrīkh- Ayyūbiyyān, Revised by Ḥasanayn Muḥammad Rabīʿ, Trans. Parviz Atabaki, Tehran, Sāzmān- i Intishārāt wa Āmūzish- i Inḳilāb- i Islāmī, 1369/ 1990. Jackson, P., "Al-Nasawi", Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol VII, Leiden & New York, Brill, 1993, pp.973-974. -Ibid, 1990, "Jalāl al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind", Iran, Vol. 28, pp.45-54. Ibid, "Jalāl al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind", Iran, Vol. 28, 1990, pp.45-54. Katouzian, Homayun, Iraniyyān, Dawrān- i Bāstān tā Dawra- yi Bāstān, Trans. Hossein Shahidi, Tehran, Markaz, 1391/ 2012. Ḳazwīnī, ʿAbd al- Laṭīf, Lubb al- Tawārīkh, Revised by Mīr Hāshim Muḥaddith, Tehran, Society for the National Heritage of Iran, 1386/ 2007. Ḳazwīnī, Zakariyyā b. Muḥammad, Āthār al- Bilād wa Akhbār al- ʿIbād, Beirut, Dār al- Ṣādir, 1998/ 1376. Ḳazwīnī, Zakariyyā b. Muḥammad, Āthār al- Bilād wa Akhbār al- ʿIbād, Trans. Jahangir Mirza Qajar, Revised by Mīr Hāshim Muḥaddith,Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1373/ 1994. Malcolm, Sir John, History of Persia from the most early to the present time, Vol. I, London, John Murray, 1829. Maḳrīzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Sulūk li- Maʿrifat Duwal al- Mulūk, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAbd al- Ḳādir ʿAṭā, Vol. 1, Beirut, Dār al- Kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, 1418 AH/ 1997 AD. Mashkoor, Mohammad Javad, Taʾrīkh- i Iran Zamīn Az Rūzigār- i Bāstān Tā Inḳirāḍ- i Ḳādjāriyya, Tehran, Ishrāḳī, 1375/ 1996. Mosaheb, Gholamhossein , Dāʾirat al- Maʾārif Fārsī( The Persian Encyclopedia),Tehran, Shirkat- i Sahāmī- yi Kitāb- hā- yi Djībī, 1381/ 2002. Mustawfī, Ḥamd Allāh, Taʾrīkh- i Guzīda, Revised by Abdolhossein Navaei, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1364/ 1985. Idem, Ẓafar- Nāma, Revised by Parvaneh Nik Tabe, Vol. 6, Tehran, Institute for humanities and cultural studies, 1388/ 2009. Nasawī, Shahāb al- Dīn, Sīra- yi Djalāl al- Dīn Yā Taʾrīkh- Djalālī, Revised by Muḥammad Nāṣiḥ, Tehran, Andjuman Adabī- yi Iran, 1324/ 1945. Idem, Sīrat- i Djalāl al- Dīn Minkubirnī, Revised by Mojtaba Minovi, Tehran, ʿIlmī Farhangī, 1384/ 2005. Rahim Lou, Yousef, "Ibn Khaldūn", Kazem Bojnourdi (as supervisor), Vol.3, Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1374/ 1995, pp.458- 444. Rajab Zadeh, Hashem, "čangīziyyān", Taʾrīkh- i Djāmiʿ Iran, Vol. 9, Kazem Bojnourdi (as supervisor), Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1389/ 2010, pp.533- 455. Richards, D.S. "Ebn Atir", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. VIII,Costa Mesa, Mazda,1998, p.671. Safa, Zabihollah, Taʾrīkh- i Adabiyyāt dar Iran, Vol.3, Tehran, Firdaws, 1369/ 1990. Salarshadi, Ali, "Taʾthīr Ibn Khaldūn az Ibn Athīr", Cultural History Studies, Vol.1, No.11, Spring 1391/ 2012, pp.52- 76. Samarḳandī, Dawlat- Shāh, Tadhkirat al- Shuʿarā, Revised by Fatemeh Alagheh, Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1385/ 2006. Sanders, J.J, The History of the Mongol Conquests, Philadelphia, university of Pennsylvania Press, 1971. Shabānkāraʾī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Madjmaʿ al- Ansāb, Revised by Mīr Hāshim Muḥaddith, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1376/ 1997. Sharafi, Mahbubeh, "Djalāl al- Dīn Khwārazmshāh", Dānish- Nāma- yi Djahān- i Islām, Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel(as supervisor), Vol. 10, Tehran, Dānish- Nāma- yi Djahān- i Islām, 1393/ 2014, pp. 509- 503. Spuler, Bertold, Mughūlān dar Taʾrīkh, Trans. Abdorrasoul Kheir- Andish, Tehran, Abadboomnashr, 1389/ 2010. Idem, Die Mongolen In Iran, Berlin, Akademie-verlag, 1968. Idem, History of the Mongols based on eastern and western account of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, translated by Helga and Stuart Drummond, Berkeley and Los Angles, University of California press, 1972. Sykes, Sir Percy, Persia, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1922. Talebi, M "Ibn Khaldun", Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol III, Leiden & New York, Brill, 1986, pp.825-831. ʿUmarī, Shahāb al- Dīn Ibn Faḍl Allāh, Masālik al- Abṣār wa Mamālik al- Amṣar, Revised by Muṣṭafa Muslim & Others, Vol. 27, Abu Dhabi, al- Madjmaʿ al- Thaḳāfī, 1424 AH/ 2003 AD. Waṣṣāf, ʿAbd Allāh b. Faḍl Allāh, Tadjziyat al- Amṣār wa-Tazdjiyat al-Aʿṣār, Revised by Muḥammad Mahdī Iṣfahānī, Tehran, Ibn Sīnā, 1338 AH/ 1919 AD. Yazdī, Sharaf al- Dīn, Ẓafar- Nāma, Revised by Seyyed Saeid Mir Mohammad Sadegh & Abdolhossein Navaei, Tehran, ICAL, 1387/ 2008. |