| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Background: The first step in genetic experiments is usually the extraction of high-quality DNA. In 1869, Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA during a study on cellular composition, isolating it from leukocytes and naming it "nuclein." In 1958, Meselson and Stahl introduced a standard DNA extraction method using density gradient centrifugation on E. coli samples. Subsequently, DNA extraction techniques were refined for various biological sources.
Methods: DNA extraction methods are classified into two main categories: physical and chemical. Physical methods involve sample grinding, while chemical methods rely on materials such as cultured cells, which can be lysed easily. Commercial kits have simplified the DNA extraction process from sources such as white blood cells, hair, bones, saliva, nails, skin, and other nucleated cells, increasing both speed and precision.
Findings: DNA analysis is crucial for determining demographic and genetic characteristics and identifying unidentified individuals. Recent advancements in DNA analysis have made this technology more accessible, enabling archaeologists, anthropologists, and forensic experts to extract reliable genetic data from ancient remains.
Conclusion: This paper aims to explore the application of laboratory DNA extraction methods in archaeology. Technological advancements and the use of commercial kits have facilitated DNA extraction from ancient remains, playing a significant role in archaeological research and related scientific fields. |