| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Abstract:
The story of Russia's ultimatum to Iran (1329 A.H.) happened in a situation where nearly five years had passed since the Iranian constitutional revolution. The new statesmen, the people, and especially the National Council, were trying to make up for Iran's backwardness under the shadow of the parliamentary government and guide Iran to the stages of development and progress, just like Japan, which had achieved constitutionalism. But in this short period of time, the failed autocrats, with the support of the two governments of Russia and England, did not find new developments.And through the coup, tension and chaos in Balad, the disintegration of the country in the form of the agreements of 1905 and 1907, the bombardment of the parliament and finally the ultimatum incident, they tried to make the country weak and the people of Iran regret the incident of the constitutional revolution. In preserving and maintaining constitutionalism, Iran's scholars and clerics, especially in Najaf, showed more sensitivity and diligence than other social forces. Even though they saw a lot of unkindness and adversities during the five yearsAnd people like Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and Seyyed Abdullah Behbahani were martyred. However, they did not stop defending the constitutionalism and in the event of the Russian ultimatum, the great scholars of Najaf and Iran fiercely defended the achievements of the revolution and the state of the country by issuing fatwas of jihad and banning foreign goods. Iran paid and in addition, they moved towards Iran in a collective movement to fight against the Russians. In this article, the Iranian government's decision to hire an American consultant (Morgan Schuster) to organize Iran's economic situation, the role of the Iranian government and parliament (the second parliament) in this regard, and finally the role and position of Najaf scholars and Iranian clerics are discussed.It seems that from the scholars' point of view, the incident was like an ultimatum and the lack of constitutional revolution was discussed, and they considered silence in the face of it as the victory of tyranny and colonialism, so they rose up with all the necessary strength and capacity, and in this way, even the theoretical opponents Constitutionalism also joined the fighters. The research method in this article has been written using library documents and sources related to the mentioned event. been triedAttempts have been made to investigate other aspects of how the institution of religion dealt with the invasion of colonialism in the last two hundred years. In the end, the article shows that with the suspicious death of Mukhtar Khorasani, the leader of the uprising, and the erection of the vertical tent of the revolution, Iran's constitutionalism reaches the end of the line, and from then on, the preparations for the isolation and marginalization of the scholars from the context and context of politics begin. Machine summary:
"Even though they saw a lot of unkindness and adversities during the five years and people like Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and Seyyed Abdullah Behbahani were martyred, Muzalek did not stop defending constitutionalism and in the event of the Russian ultimatum, the great scholars of Najaf and Iran issued a fatwa of Jihad. and the embargo of foreign goods, they vigorously defended the achievements of the revolution and the integrity of the country of Iran, and in addition, they moved towards Iran in a collective movement to fight against the Russians.In this way, once again the national passion and feeling was mixed with religious zeal and in one of the most sensitive situations in the history of Iran, while the country lacked material and military power, with this wide presence of the people in the scene of politics and defense and protection of the national unity and Islam called scholars, politicians, and members of parliament to fight decisively against foreign occupation and humiliation of national identity. It is necessary to ask the respective government to withdraw the soldiers from the soil of Iran and take back the ultimatum which is the cause of depriving Iran of its independence and sovereignty, and if according to the Shariah obligation, the order of defense and jihad was given to the general Muslims on earth, especially the United Nation of Iran.The surface of the earth will be colored by the blood of hundreds of millions of souls, and the patience and tolerance of the general Muslim population has run out, and there is such a page of the Qur'an among the Muslims, they will not be defeated, and we, the mujtahid scholars of the nation, are ready to shed our blood until the last drop. We will sacrifice the preservation of the country and the nation of Iran, and the responsibility for the shedding of these unjust bloods, and the killing of innocent people, will be the responsibility of those who invaded the homeland without a known right and for a valid reason] Turkman: 257; Haywa-ul-Islam [ . |
| کلیدواژههای انگلیسی مقاله |
اولتیماتوم روس,
انقلاب مشروطیت,
مورگان شوستر,
آخوند خراسانی,
مجلس دوم,
روس,
مشروطیت,
اولتیماتوم,
ایران,
مجلس,
دولت,
نجف |